Linux

🔔 Prelude: With these commands you are able to do most text-related work the same as you are on Windows. Linux Common Commands System Management System Information # Basic system information lscpu # Detailed CPU information uname -a # Kernel and architecture info cat /etc/os-release # Distribution information # Hardware information lsblk # Block devices lsusb # USB devices lspci # PCI devices Package Management # dpkg package management sudo dpkg -i package.deb # Install deb package dpkg -l | grep package_name # Search installed packages dpkg -L package_name # List package files dpkg -S /path/to/file # Find which package owns file Monitoring and Performance Memory and Disk # Memory usage free -h # Human readable format watch -n 1 free -h # Real-time monitoring # Disk usage df -h # Disk usage du -sh /path/to/directory # Directory size du -h --max-depth=1 | sort -hr # Sort directories by size sudo fdisk -l # Partition table info System Monitoring # Temperature monitoring vcgencmd measure_temp # Raspberry Pi temperature sensors # General temperature sensors watch -n 1 vcgencmd measure_temp # Real-time temperature monitoring # Process monitoring ps aux # All processes top # Real-time process monitor htop # Enhanced top ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -10 # Sort by memory usage ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -10 # Sort by CPU usage # I/O monitoring sudo iotop # I/O usage sudo iotop -o # Show only processes doing I/O Network Monitoring # Connection status ss -tuln # Network connections ss -a # All connections ss -tuln | grep :22 # Specific port # Traffic monitoring iftop # Interface traffic (requires installation) nethogs # Traffic by process (requires installation) Processes and Services Process Management # Find processes pgrep -f "process_name" # Find process PID ps aux | grep "process_name" # Detailed information # Terminate processes kill PID # Normal termination kill -9 PID # Force termination pkill "process_name" # Terminate by name Background Jobs # Background execution command & # Start in background nohup command & # Run without hangup # Job control Ctrl + Z # Suspend current process bg # Continue in background fg # Bring to foreground jobs # List background jobs # tmux sessions tmux new-session -d -s session_name "command" tmux attach -t session_name Service Management # systemd services systemctl status service_name # Check status systemctl start/stop/restart service_name systemctl enable/disable service_name # Auto-start on boot # Log viewing journalctl -u service_name # Service logs journalctl -f # Real-time logs journalctl --since "2 hours ago" # Time range Scheduled Tasks # cron jobs crontab -e # Edit crontab -l # List # Syntax: minute hour day month weekday command # 0 2 * * * /home/user/backup.sh # Run daily at 2 AM # */10 * * * * /usr/bin/check.sh # Run every 10 minutes Network Management Network Interfaces # View network interfaces ip addr show # All interfaces ip a # Short form ip link show up # Enabled interfaces # Manage interfaces sudo ip link set eth0 up/down # Enable/disable interface # Routing information ip route show # Routing table ip route | grep default # Default gateway WiFi Management # NetworkManager nmcli dev wifi list # Scan WiFi nmcli dev wifi connect "SSID" password "password" nmcli connection show # Saved connections # Traditional tools iwconfig # WiFi interface status Network Testing # Connectivity testing ping google.com ping -c 4 google.com # Limit count traceroute google.com # Path tracing # Port testing nc -zv google.com 80 # Port connectivity nmap -p 22,80,443 target_host # Port scanning # DNS queries dig google.com # DNS lookup cat /etc/resolv.conf # DNS configuration # Firewall sudo ufw status # Ubuntu firewall status Files and Text File Finding # Find by name find /path -name "filename" find . -name "*.txt" # By extension find . -type f -name "*.log" # Files only find . -type d -name "temp*" # Directories only # Command location which python3 # Command location whereis python3 # Binary, source, manual # Fast search sudo updatedb # Update database locate filename # Quick search Content Search # Basic search grep "pattern" file.txt grep "pattern" *.txt # Multiple files # Common options grep -i "pattern" file # Ignore case grep -r "pattern" directory/ # Recursive search grep -n "pattern" file # Show line numbers grep -v "pattern" file # Invert match # Context search grep -A 3 "pattern" file # Show 3 lines after grep -B 3 "pattern" file # Show 3 lines before grep -C 3 "pattern" file # Show 3 lines around File Content Operations # View files cat file.txt # Full content head -20 file.txt # First 20 lines tail -20 file.txt # Last 20 lines tail -f file.txt # Follow changes less file.txt # Paged viewing # Sort and unique sort file.txt # Sort sort -n numbers.txt # Numeric sort sort file.txt | uniq # Remove duplicates # File comparison diff file1.txt file2.txt # Basic comparison diff -u file1 file2 # Unified format diff -y file1 file2 # Side-by-side Text Processing and Pipes # sed stream editor sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt # Global replacement sed -i 's/old/new/g' file.txt # In-place modification sed '/pattern/d' file.txt # Delete matching lines sed -n '1,10p' file.txt # Print specific lines # awk text processing awk '{print $1}' file.txt # Print first column awk '{print $1, $3}' file.txt # Print multiple columns awk '/pattern/ {print $2}' file.txt # Conditional print awk -F':' '{print $1}' /etc/passwd # Specify delimiter awk '{sum += $1} END {print sum}' numbers.txt # Calculate sum # Pipes and redirection command > file.txt # Output redirection command >> file.txt # Append redirection command 2> error.log # Error redirection command &> all.log # All output redirection # Pipe operations command1 | command2 # Basic pipe cat log | grep "ERROR" | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c # tee splitting command | tee file.txt # Output to both file and terminal command | tee -a file.txt # Append mode echo "text" | sudo tee /root/file.txt > /dev/null # Privilege escalation write Transfer and Compression Network Downloads # wget downloads wget https://example.com/file.zip wget -O newname.zip https://example.com/file.zip # Specify filename wget -c https://example.com/largefile.iso # Resume download # curl downloads curl -O https://example.com/file.zip # Keep original filename curl -o newname.zip https://example.com/file.zip # Specify filename curl -C - -O https://example.com/largefile.iso # Resume download Remote Transfer # scp secure copy scp file.txt user@remote:/path/ # Upload file scp -r directory/ user@remote:/path/ # Upload directory scp user@remote:/path/file.txt ./ # Download file scp -P 2222 file.txt user@remote:/path/ # Specify port # rsync synchronization rsync -av source/ destination/ # Basic sync rsync -av --delete source/ destination/ # Delete extra files rsync -av source/ user@remote:/path/ # Remote sync rsync -avz --progress source/ destination/ # Compression + progress Compression and Extraction # tar archives tar -czf archive.tar.gz files/ # Create compressed archive tar -xzf archive.tar.gz # Extract archive tar -tzf archive.tar.gz # View contents tar -xzf archive.tar.gz -C /destination/ # Extract to directory # zip compression zip -r archive.zip directory/ # Compress directory unzip archive.zip # Extract unzip archive.zip -d /destination/ # Extract to directory unzip -l archive.zip # View contents Device Management USB Devices # USB device management lsusb # USB device list lsusb -v # Detailed information watch -n 1 lsusb # Real-time monitoring # Mount USB sudo mkdir /mnt/usb sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb # Mount sudo umount /mnt/usb # Unmount Bluetooth Devices # Bluetooth management systemctl status bluetooth # Service status sudo hciconfig hci0 up # Enable adapter sudo hcitool scan # Scan devices # Bluetooth console bluetoothctl # Common commands: power on, scan on, pair <MAC>, connect <MAC> Audio Devices # Audio devices aplay -l # Playback devices arecord -l # Recording devices pactl list sinks short # PulseAudio output devices # Volume control alsamixer # Graphical mixer amixer sset Master 80% # Set volume pactl set-sink-volume @DEFAULT_SINK@ 50% Quick Operations History Operations # History search Ctrl + R # Reverse search history Ctrl + S # Forward search history history # Show history list history | grep "pattern" # Search history commands # ! operator (history expansion) !! # Repeat last command !$ # Last argument of previous command !^ # First argument of previous command !* # All arguments of previous command !n # Execute nth command in history !ssh # Execute most recent command starting with ssh !?config # Execute most recent command containing config # Quick substitution ^old^new # Replace old with new in last command !!:s/old/new # Same as above, sed-style replacement sudo !! # Add sudo to previous command # Argument operations echo !$ # Show last argument of previous command ls !* # Use all arguments from previous command with ls Quick Editing # Cursor movement Ctrl + A # Move to beginning of line Ctrl + E # Move to end of line Ctrl + F # Move forward one character Ctrl + B # Move backward one character Alt + F # Move forward one word Alt + B # Move backward one word # Deletion operations Ctrl + K # Delete from cursor to end of line Ctrl + U # Delete from cursor to beginning of line Ctrl + W # Delete previous word Alt + D # Delete next word Ctrl + H # Delete previous character (same as Backspace) Ctrl + D # Delete current character # Copy and paste Ctrl + Y # Paste last deleted content Alt + Y # Cycle through deletion history # Other editing Ctrl + T # Transpose current and previous character Alt + T # Transpose current and previous word Alt + U # Convert current word to uppercase Alt + L # Convert current word to lowercase Alt + C # Capitalize current word Ctrl + _ # Undo last edit # System control Ctrl + L # Clear screen Ctrl + C # Interrupt current command Ctrl + Z # Suspend current process Ctrl + D # End input/exit shell # Auto-completion Tab # Auto-complete Tab Tab # Show all possible completions Alt + . # Insert last argument of previous command Alt + * # Expand all possible completions for current word Directory and File Operations # Directory operations cd - # Return to previous directory pushd/popd # Directory stack operations mkdir -p path/to/deep/directory # Create nested directories # {} Brace expansion - generates multiple names touch file{1,2,3}.txt # Creates file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt mkdir {backup,temp,logs} # Create multiple directories cp file.txt{,.bak} # Copy to file.txt.bak echo {A..Z} # Expand A B C ... Z echo {1..10} # Expand 1 2 3 ... 10 echo {01..10} # Expand 01 02 03 ... 10 (preserve format) # [] Bracket matching - matches existing files ls file[123].txt # Match file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt ls file[1-5].txt # Match file1.txt to file5.txt ls [abc]*.txt # Match txt files starting with a, b, or c ls [A-Z]*.log # Match log files starting with uppercase ls file[!123].txt # Match files except file1,2,3.txt rm temp[0-9][0-9].tmp # Delete files like temp01.tmp to temp99.tmp # Wildcard combinations cp *.{jpg,png,gif} images/ # Copy all image files ls file[1-3].{txt,log} # Match file1.txt, file1.log, etc. find . -name "*[0-9].txt" # Find txt files ending with digits